Optimal. Leaf size=96 \[ -\frac {1}{6 x^6}-\frac {1}{2 x^2}+\frac {1}{4} \tan ^{-1}\left (\sqrt {3}-2 x^2\right )-\frac {1}{4} \tan ^{-1}\left (\sqrt {3}+2 x^2\right )-\frac {\log \left (1-\sqrt {3} x^2+x^4\right )}{8 \sqrt {3}}+\frac {\log \left (1+\sqrt {3} x^2+x^4\right )}{8 \sqrt {3}} \]
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Rubi [A]
time = 0.06, antiderivative size = 96, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.00, number of steps
used = 13, number of rules used = 10, integrand size = 16, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.625, Rules used = {1373, 1137,
1295, 12, 1141, 1175, 632, 210, 1178, 642} \begin {gather*} \frac {1}{4} \text {ArcTan}\left (\sqrt {3}-2 x^2\right )-\frac {1}{4} \text {ArcTan}\left (2 x^2+\sqrt {3}\right )-\frac {1}{6 x^6}-\frac {1}{2 x^2}-\frac {\log \left (x^4-\sqrt {3} x^2+1\right )}{8 \sqrt {3}}+\frac {\log \left (x^4+\sqrt {3} x^2+1\right )}{8 \sqrt {3}} \end {gather*}
Antiderivative was successfully verified.
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Rule 12
Rule 210
Rule 632
Rule 642
Rule 1137
Rule 1141
Rule 1175
Rule 1178
Rule 1295
Rule 1373
Rubi steps
\begin {align*} \int \frac {1}{x^7 \left (1-x^4+x^8\right )} \, dx &=\frac {1}{2} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{x^4 \left (1-x^2+x^4\right )} \, dx,x,x^2\right )\\ &=-\frac {1}{6 x^6}+\frac {1}{6} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {3-3 x^2}{x^2 \left (1-x^2+x^4\right )} \, dx,x,x^2\right )\\ &=-\frac {1}{6 x^6}-\frac {1}{2 x^2}-\frac {1}{6} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {3 x^2}{1-x^2+x^4} \, dx,x,x^2\right )\\ &=-\frac {1}{6 x^6}-\frac {1}{2 x^2}-\frac {1}{2} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {x^2}{1-x^2+x^4} \, dx,x,x^2\right )\\ &=-\frac {1}{6 x^6}-\frac {1}{2 x^2}+\frac {1}{4} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1-x^2}{1-x^2+x^4} \, dx,x,x^2\right )-\frac {1}{4} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1+x^2}{1-x^2+x^4} \, dx,x,x^2\right )\\ &=-\frac {1}{6 x^6}-\frac {1}{2 x^2}-\frac {1}{8} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{1-\sqrt {3} x+x^2} \, dx,x,x^2\right )-\frac {1}{8} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{1+\sqrt {3} x+x^2} \, dx,x,x^2\right )-\frac {\text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {\sqrt {3}+2 x}{-1-\sqrt {3} x-x^2} \, dx,x,x^2\right )}{8 \sqrt {3}}-\frac {\text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {\sqrt {3}-2 x}{-1+\sqrt {3} x-x^2} \, dx,x,x^2\right )}{8 \sqrt {3}}\\ &=-\frac {1}{6 x^6}-\frac {1}{2 x^2}-\frac {\log \left (1-\sqrt {3} x^2+x^4\right )}{8 \sqrt {3}}+\frac {\log \left (1+\sqrt {3} x^2+x^4\right )}{8 \sqrt {3}}+\frac {1}{4} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{-1-x^2} \, dx,x,-\sqrt {3}+2 x^2\right )+\frac {1}{4} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{-1-x^2} \, dx,x,\sqrt {3}+2 x^2\right )\\ &=-\frac {1}{6 x^6}-\frac {1}{2 x^2}+\frac {1}{4} \tan ^{-1}\left (\sqrt {3}-2 x^2\right )-\frac {1}{4} \tan ^{-1}\left (\sqrt {3}+2 x^2\right )-\frac {\log \left (1-\sqrt {3} x^2+x^4\right )}{8 \sqrt {3}}+\frac {\log \left (1+\sqrt {3} x^2+x^4\right )}{8 \sqrt {3}}\\ \end {align*}
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Mathematica [C] Result contains higher order function than in optimal. Order 9 vs. order 3 in
optimal.
time = 0.01, size = 56, normalized size = 0.58 \begin {gather*} -\frac {1}{6 x^6}-\frac {1}{2 x^2}-\frac {1}{4} \text {RootSum}\left [1-\text {$\#$1}^4+\text {$\#$1}^8\&,\frac {\log (x-\text {$\#$1}) \text {$\#$1}^2}{-1+2 \text {$\#$1}^4}\&\right ] \end {gather*}
Antiderivative was successfully verified.
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Maple [A]
time = 0.03, size = 87, normalized size = 0.91
method | result | size |
risch | \(\frac {-\frac {x^{4}}{2}-\frac {1}{6}}{x^{6}}+\frac {\left (\munderset {\textit {\_R} =\RootOf \left (9 \textit {\_Z}^{4}+3 \textit {\_Z}^{2}+1\right )}{\sum }\textit {\_R} \ln \left (-6 \textit {\_R}^{3}+x^{2}-\textit {\_R} \right )\right )}{4}\) | \(46\) |
default | \(-\frac {1}{6 x^{6}}-\frac {1}{2 x^{2}}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\, \left (-\frac {\ln \left (1+x^{4}-x^{2} \sqrt {3}\right )}{2}-\sqrt {3}\, \arctan \left (2 x^{2}-\sqrt {3}\right )\right )}{12}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\, \left (\frac {\ln \left (1+x^{4}+x^{2} \sqrt {3}\right )}{2}-\sqrt {3}\, \arctan \left (2 x^{2}+\sqrt {3}\right )\right )}{12}\) | \(87\) |
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Maxima [F]
time = 0.00, size = 0, normalized size = 0.00 \begin {gather*} \text {Failed to integrate} \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Fricas [B] Leaf count of result is larger than twice the leaf count of optimal. 194 vs.
\(2 (74) = 148\).
time = 0.36, size = 194, normalized size = 2.02 \begin {gather*} \frac {4 \, \sqrt {6} \sqrt {3} \sqrt {2} x^{6} \arctan \left (-\frac {1}{3} \, \sqrt {6} \sqrt {3} \sqrt {2} x^{2} + \frac {1}{3} \, \sqrt {6} \sqrt {3} \sqrt {2 \, x^{4} + \sqrt {6} \sqrt {2} x^{2} + 2} - \sqrt {3}\right ) + 4 \, \sqrt {6} \sqrt {3} \sqrt {2} x^{6} \arctan \left (-\frac {1}{3} \, \sqrt {6} \sqrt {3} \sqrt {2} x^{2} + \frac {1}{3} \, \sqrt {6} \sqrt {3} \sqrt {2 \, x^{4} - \sqrt {6} \sqrt {2} x^{2} + 2} + \sqrt {3}\right ) + \sqrt {6} \sqrt {2} x^{6} \log \left (36 \, x^{4} + 18 \, \sqrt {6} \sqrt {2} x^{2} + 36\right ) - \sqrt {6} \sqrt {2} x^{6} \log \left (36 \, x^{4} - 18 \, \sqrt {6} \sqrt {2} x^{2} + 36\right ) - 24 \, x^{4} - 8}{48 \, x^{6}} \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Sympy [A]
time = 0.10, size = 83, normalized size = 0.86 \begin {gather*} - \frac {\sqrt {3} \log {\left (x^{4} - \sqrt {3} x^{2} + 1 \right )}}{24} + \frac {\sqrt {3} \log {\left (x^{4} + \sqrt {3} x^{2} + 1 \right )}}{24} - \frac {\operatorname {atan}{\left (2 x^{2} - \sqrt {3} \right )}}{4} - \frac {\operatorname {atan}{\left (2 x^{2} + \sqrt {3} \right )}}{4} + \frac {- 3 x^{4} - 1}{6 x^{6}} \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Giac [A]
time = 3.11, size = 56, normalized size = 0.58 \begin {gather*} -\frac {1}{12} \, \sqrt {3} x^{4} \log \left (x^{4} + \sqrt {3} x^{2} + 1\right ) + \frac {1}{12} \, \sqrt {3} x^{4} \log \left (x^{4} - \sqrt {3} x^{2} + 1\right ) - \frac {3 \, x^{4} + 1}{6 \, x^{6}} \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Mupad [B]
time = 0.06, size = 63, normalized size = 0.66 \begin {gather*} \mathrm {atan}\left (\frac {2\,x^2}{-1+\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}\right )\,\left (\frac {1}{4}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{12}\right )+\mathrm {atan}\left (\frac {2\,x^2}{1+\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}\right )\,\left (-\frac {1}{4}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{12}\right )-\frac {\frac {x^4}{2}+\frac {1}{6}}{x^6} \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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